Fatima al-Fihri: Macen da ta kafa Jami’ar farko ta Duniya, da kuma Laburare

Daga Fatima GIMBA, Abuja

An haife ta: Kairouan, Tunisia
Ta mutu: 880 AD, Fes, Morocco
Iyaye: Muhammad al-Fihri
Gudunmawar ta ga Dunia: Gina masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin

Fatima bint Muhammad al-Fihriyya (Larabci: فاطمة بنت محمد الفهرية القرشية) wata Balarabiya ce wacce aka ba da labarin ta na kafa masallacin al-Qarawiyyin a shekara ta 859 miladiyya a garin Fez na ƙasar Morocco.

Ana kuma kiranta da “Umm al-Banayn”. Al-Fihri ta rasu a shekara ta 880 bayan hijira, daga bisani masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin ya zama cibiyar koyarwa, wadda ta zama jami’ar al-Qarawiyyin a shekarar 1963. Ibn Abi Zar’i ne ya ba da labarinta (a tsakanin 1310 da 1320) a cikin Rawd al-Qirtas, na yadda aka kafa masallacin Qarawiyyin.

Ba a san abubuwa dayawa game da rayuwarta ba, sai dai abubuwa kaɗan da masanin tarihi Ibn Abi-Zar’i na karni na 14 ya rubuta. An haifi Fatima a shekara ta 800 miladiyya a garin Kairouan da ke ƙasar Tunisia a yau, ita kuwa balarabiya ce daga zuriyar Ƙuraishawa, saboda haka ake mata nisba “al-Qurashiyya”.

Iyayenta suna cikin waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Fez daga Kairouan, mahaifinta Mohammed al-Fihri zama ɗan kasuwa mai nasara, lokacin da ya rasu, wannan dukiyar Fatima ce da ‘yar uwarta Maryam suka gada. Da wannan kuɗin ne suka yima duniya hidima. Al-Fihri ta yi aure, amma mijinta da mahaifinta sun rasu shekaru kaɗan bayan bikin.

Mahaifinta ya bar dukiyarsa ga Fatima da ‘yar uwarta, ‘ya’yansa tilo. Ita da ‘yar uwarta Maryam sun yi karatu me ɗinbim yawa, wanda ya ƙunshi karatun fiqhu da Hadisi, da tarihin Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W). Dukansu sun ci gaba da samar da masallatai a Fes. Fatima ce ta kafa Al-Qarawiyyin, Maryama ta kafa Masallacin Al-andalusiya.

Wannan tunanin gina masallatai ya taso ne saboda yadda musulman da sukayi gudun hijira, kamar su Fatima da ‘yan uwanta, duka suka taru a guri ɗaya don ibada, sannan suna kishin koya da nazarin addinin su, da imaninsu. Sannan akwai yawan baƙi, kamar yadda akwai cunkoso, kuma babu isasshen sarari, kayan aiki, ko malamai don ɗaukar su.

Ibn Abi Zar’i ya ce, Fatima ta yi amfani da kuɗin da mahaifinta ya bari wajen gina masallacin Al-Qarawiyyin, wanda aka sanya wa suna na bakin haure daga garinsu. A lokacin da al’ummar Fatima suka zarce masallacin, ta sayi wani masallaci da aka gina wajajen shekara ta 845 miladiyya ƙarƙashin kulawar Sarki Yahya bn Muhammad ta sake gina shi, ya ninka girmansa a da.

Ita kanta Fatima ce ke kula da aikin ginin. Kamar yadda ɗan tarihi ɗan Tunisiya Hassan Hosni Abdelwahab ya lura a cikin littafinsa Famous Tunisian Women: “Ta yi niyyar yin amfani da iya filin da ta saya kawai, ta yi haka me zurfi a cikin ƙasa, ta tono yashi dawaya, filasta, da dutse don amfani da su, don kada aikin ya jawo tuhuma daga wasu [saboda amfani da albarkatu masu yawa]”.

An ɗauki shekaru 18 ana gina masallacin. A cewar masanin tarihin Moroko Abdelhadi Tazi, Al-Fihri ta yi azumi har sai da aka kammala aikin. Bayan an gama, nan take ta shiga ciki ta yima Allah godiya, ta sanyawa masallacin suna na bakin haure, wanda ya samo asali ne daga sunan garinsu na Kairouan.

A bisa al’adar, ‘yar’uwar Fatima, Maryam, ita ma ta kafa irin wannan Masallaci a wannan shekarar (859), tare da taimakon iyalan Andalus na cikin gida, wanda aka fi sani da Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin (Masallacin Andalusiyawa).

Sun zaɓi kashe dukiyarsu wajen gina cibiyoyin ilimi, a shekara ta 859, Fatima ta gina masallacin Al-Qayrawan, wanda aka yi masa ado da salon Andalus tare da zanen kufic (style na farko) a ko’ina. A 3,000 sq ft, zai iya dacewa da mutane 22,000.

Ta jera shi da ayyukan Musulunci (Alkur’ani, Tarin Hadisi, Littattafan Fiqhu, da de sauransu). ‘Yar uwarta Maryama ta gina Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyan a kusa da shi, da manyan kofofinsa na ado da farfajiyar itatuwan goro. Dukansu biyu sun yi amfani da zane-zane na ’embroidery’ – kyawawan furanni + siffofi na geometric + kiraigraphic. Dukkan masallatan biyu misali ne na wasu tsofaffi a duniya.

Masallatan sun jawo hankalin mutane da suke sha’awar koyan ba kawai koyarwar addini ba amma nahawun Larabci da kiɗa. Mutane na taruwa a gurin suyi hira, muhawara, da kuma shan shayin Mint na Moroccan, kuma sun amfana daga kyaututtukan kuɗi da tallafi daga manyan Liman gurin.

Don samar da ɗimbin kayan karatu, Fatima ta gina ɗakin karatu na al-Qarawiyyin. Yanzu an ɗauke shi ɗakin karatu mafi tsufa a duniya, yana da tsofaffin littattafai sama da 4,000 da ba kasafai ba a ke samun suba, da kuma tsoffin rubuce-rubuce. Mafi daraja shi ne Kur’ani na ƙarni na 9, wanda aka rubuta a cikin Kufic akan fatar raƙumi, tare da warren na ɗakunan da ke bayan ƙofofin ƙarfe, gyare-gyare sun bayyana da ƙarin taska.

Har ila yau, akwai tarin hadisai na ƙarni na 8 Imam Malik da aka rubuta akan zanen barewa, da ainihin kwafin littafin Ibn Khaldun Kitab Al-’Ibar (Littafin Darasi), wanda aka bada kyautarshi a shekara ta 1396. Fatima ba ta gama ba, don ba da daɗewa ba ta gina jami’a ta 1 a duniya, Jami’ar Al-Qarawiyyin.

Jami’ar ta karɓi dalibai tun daga shekaru goma sha uku, ta kasance mafi tsufa wanda ta ci gaba da aiki, wanda aka yarda da shi jami’a mai ba da digiri a duniya. An zana digiri na 1 akan itace, Jami’ar ta zama cibiyar tattaunawa ta siyasa kuma ta koyar da Siyasa, Falsafa, Doka, Kimiyyar Halitta, Rhetoric, Logic, Grammar, Medicine, Mathematics, Astronomy, Chemistry, History, Geography and Music.

Fitattun tsofaffin ɗaliban Jami’ar sun haɗa da babban malamin falsafa Bayahude na ƙarni na 12-13 Ibn Maymun (Maimonides), da masanin ilimin zamantakewa da ɗan adam na farko, Ibn Khaldun (1332-1395 CE). Muhammad al-Idrissi, masanin yanayin ƙasa kuma mai ɗaukar hoto na taswirar duniya ta farko (Tabula Rogeriana) a shekara ta 1154, shi ma ya yi karatu a Al-Qarawiyyin.

Kamar yadda masanin lissafin Faransa kuma masanin falsafa Gerbert na Aurillac ya yi wanda ya zama Paparoma Sylvester II (946-1003), wanda aka lasafta shi da gabatar da lambobin larabci da amfani da sifili zuwa Turai.

Tabbas, sun yi amfani da kuɗi ta hanya me kyau, gashi kuma har yanzu ana ribatar shi!