Tarihin Sinan al-Battani, mabuɗin ilmin Taurari

Daga Fatima GIMBA, Abuja

Abu ‘AbdAllah Muḥammad ibn Jabir ibn Sinan al-Raqqi al-Harrani aṣ-Sabi’ al-Battani masani ne Balarabe masanin falaki da lissafi. Ya gabatar da alaƙar trigonometric da yawa, kuma masana ilmin taurari na tsakiya da yawa sun yi nakalto Kitāb az-Zīj akai-akai, gami da Copernicus.

An haife shi a shekara ta 858 miladiyya, a garin Harran na kasar Turkiyya, kuma ya rasu a shekara ta 929 miladiyya, a garin Samarra na kasar Iraqi.

Iyayensa su ne Jabir Ibn San’an al-Battani, kuma mafi shahara a cikin aikinsa shi ne Kitab az-Zīj. Ya rinjayi aikin Abu al-Wafa’, al-Bīrunī, da  Copernicus.

Al-Battani wanda kuma aka fi sani da ku Albategnius ya kasance masanin falaki da lissafi na Musulunci. Ya yi mahimman ma’auni daidai na taurari, wata da taurari. Ma’auninsa da hanyoyinsa masana falaki daga baya suka yi amfani da shi.

Tarihin Rayuwa
Al-Battani wani lokaci ana san shi da sigar sunansa daga Latitin, bambance-bambancen su ne Albategnius, Albategni ko Albatenius. Cikakken sunansa Abu Abdallah Mohammad ibn Jabir bn Sinan al-Raqqi al-Harrani al-Sabi al-Battani.

An haife shi a Harran, wanda Romawa ke kiransa Carrhae a baya, wanda ke kan kogin Balikh, kilomita 38 kudu maso gabas da Urfa. Iyalinsa sun kasance membobin ƙungiyar Sabian, ƙungiyar addini na masu bautar taurari daga Harran.

Ko da yake ba a tabbatar ba, mahaifin al-Battani tabbas shi ne Jabir ibn Sinan al-Harran wanda ya yi suna a matsayin mai kera kayan aiki a Harran. Sunan tabbas ya tabbatar da ainihin ma’anar kuma kasancewar al-Battani da kansa ya kware wajen kera kayan aikin falaki wata alama ce mai kyau cewa ya koyi waɗannan fasahohin daga mahaifinsa.

Al-Battani ya yi cikakken ingantattun dubarar sa na falaki a Antakiya da ar-Raqqah a Siriya. Garin ar-Raqqah, inda akasarin lura da al-Battani ya samu ci gaba a lokacin da Harun al-Rashid, wanda ya zama halifa na biyar na daular Abbasiyawa a ranar 14 ga Satumban 786, ya gina manyan fada a wurin. An canza wa garin suna al-Rashid a lokacin amma, a lokacin da al-Battani ya fara lura a can, ya koma sunan ar-Raqqah. Garin yana kan kogin Furat ne kawai daga yamma inda ya haɗu da kogin Balikh (wanda Harran yake a kansa).

Sauran bayanai game da al-Battani da ke kunshe a cikin Fihrist shine cewa ya lura a tsakanin shekaru 877 zuwa 918 kuma littafin tarihinsa ya dogara ne akan shekara ta 880. Har ila yau yana bayyana ƙarshen rayuwarsa wanda da alama ya faru a cikin tafiya da ya yi. zuwa Bagadaza don yin zanga-zanga a madadin gungun mutanen ar-Raqqah saboda an saka musu haraji na rashin adalci. Al-Battani ya isa Bagadaza ya gabatar da hujjojinsa amma ya mutu a kan hanyar komawa ar-Raqqah.

Littafin Al-Battani na Al-Zij shine mafi girman aikinsa.

Babban nasarorin al-Battani’s Zij
Ya lissafa taurari 489. Ya sake sabunta ƙimar da ake da su na tsawon shekara, wanda ya ba da kwanaki 365 da sa’o’i 5 da minti 46 da daƙiƙa 24, da na yanayi. Ya lissafta 54.5″ a kowace shekara don gabanin ma’auni kuma ya sami darajar 23° 35′ don karkatar da husuma.

Maimakon yin amfani da hanyoyin geometric, kamar yadda Ptolemy ya yi, al-Battani ya yi amfani da hanyoyin trigonometric waɗanda suka kasance muhimmin ci gaba. Misali, ya ba da dabaru masu mahimmanci na trigonometric don madaidaitan kusurwa masu kusurwa kamar
b sin (A) = a sin (90°-A)
b \sin(A) = a \sin(90° – A) basin(A)= asin(90°-A).

Al-Battani ya nuna cewa mafi nisa mafi nisa daga Rana daga doron kasa ya bambanta kuma, a sakamakon haka, kusufin rana na shekara yana yiwuwa da kuma kusufin gaba daya.